Total stations combine theodolite (angle measurement) and electronic distance measurement (EDM) in one instrument. Typical accuracy ranges from 1-5 seconds of arc and 1-3mm distance accuracy. These are essential for building layout, grading, and construction staking. Typical rental costs range from $50-$200 per day. Modern total stations include data recording, automatic angle measurement, and real-time data download. Operators must be trained surveyors or construction surveyor technicians. Common applications include building corners, grade stakes, and utility locating. Total stations require tripod setup and clear line of sight between instrument and target. Modern versions include reflectorless operation (measuring surfaces directly) and Wi-Fi data transfer.