An electrical permit is required in virtually every US jurisdiction for: new circuits, service upgrades, panel replacements, new sub-panels, hot tub/pool wiring, EV charger installation, solar PV connections, generator installation, and any work beyond simple fixture/device replacement. Who pulls the permit: licensed electrical contractor in most jurisdictions. Some states allow homeowner permits for owner-occupied residential (not for sale or rent). Process: (1) Apply with scope of work description, (2) Pay fee ($50-$500+ depending on scope), (3) Perform work per NEC and local amendments, (4) Schedule rough inspection (before walls close), (5) Schedule final inspection (after all devices and fixtures installed), (6) Receive approval/green tag. Common inspection items: wire sizing, GFCI/AFCI placement, grounding/bonding, box fill calculations, panel labeling, smoke detector interconnection. Timeline: permit issued same day to 1 week. Inspections: 1-5 business day scheduling lead time.