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Eurocodes — European Structural Design Standards (EN 1990-1999)

Updated Mar 25, 2026
Suite of 10 European standards for structural design: actions, concrete, steel, timber, masonry, geotechnical, seismic.

Eurocodes (EN 1990-1999): EN 1990 (EC0) Basis of design — limit states, load combinations, reliability. EN 1991 (EC1) Actions — dead, live, snow, wind, thermal, accidental, seismic. EN 1992 (EC2) Concrete — RC and prestressed design (replaces BS 8110, DIN 1045). EN 1993 (EC3) Steel — hot-rolled, cold-formed, stainless, fatigue, shell. EN 1994 (EC4) Composite steel-concrete. EN 1995 (EC5) Timber — solid, glulam, LVL, connections. EN 1996 (EC6) Masonry. EN 1997 (EC7) Geotechnical — foundations, retaining, embankments. EN 1998 (EC8) Seismic — buildings, bridges, tanks, silos, towers. EN 1999 (EC9) Aluminium. Each Eurocode has a National Annex (NA) per country specifying nationally determined parameters (NDPs): partial safety factors, climatic loads, seismic zones. Adopted by 28+ EU countries + UK (withdrawn post-Brexit but still widely used). EN 1992 vs ACI 318: partial safety factors (γc=1.5, γs=1.15) vs strength reduction factors (φ).

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28+ EU + UK
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EN 1990-1999
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