Burn hazards in construction come from hot materials, open flames, heat sources, and steam. Molten materials including hot asphalt, tar, and metals can cause severe burns from contact. Hot asphalt and tar used in roofing can exceed 300°F. Contact causes immediate deep burns that damage tissue below the skin surface. Prevention includes using equipment designed to contain and control temperature. Kettles used to heat asphalt must have temperature controls preventing overheating. Hoses must be inspected for damage that could cause leaks. Personnel must wear protective equipment including long sleeves, pants, and closed-toe shoes. Aprons and face shields provide additional protection. Steam used in construction can cause scalding burns. Steam lines and equipment must have insulation preventing direct contact. Pressure release valves prevent catastrophic failure. Vent pipes must be shielded. Open flames and welding generate heat and sparks. Welders must wear leathers including jacket, sleeves, and gloves. Flammable materials must be kept away from hot work. Fire watches must monitor the area for fires. Hot surfaces including pipes, equipment, and exhaust must be identified and shielded if they are at heights where contact could occur. Signs and barriers warn personnel of hot surfaces. Adequate cooling prevents surface temperatures that cause burns. Burn treatment requires immediate cool water flush for at least 10 minutes, removal of constrictive items, and seeking medical attention. Large or deep burns require emergency care. Workers must be trained on burn hazard recognition and first aid.