Chapter 16 of the International Building Code references ASCE 7 for minimum design loads and establishes the methodology for calculating loads that structures must resist. Design loads include dead loads (permanent self-weight), live loads (temporary occupancy and moveable loads), environmental loads (wind, snow, seismic), and other loads. Structures must be designed for combinations of loads using ultimate strength design or allowable stress design methodologies. The load combinations specified in ASCE 7 establish critical combinations including maximum dead plus live load, maximum dead load with wind or seismic loads, and other scenarios. Dead load factors are typically 1.2 for ultimate strength design. Live load factors are typically 1.6. Wind and seismic load factors are typically 1.0. Roof live loads are typically 20 pounds per square foot for standard roofs and 100 pounds per square foot for special roofs subject to maintenance loads. Floor live loads vary from 40 pounds per square foot for residential to 100-200 pounds per square foot for commercial and industrial occupancies. Concentrated loads are specified for certain uses including loading docks and vehicle impacts. The code requires that all members be designed to resist the worst-case load combination, with designers using their engineering judgment to identify critical scenarios. Lateral load-resisting systems including shear walls and moment-resisting frames must be analyzed and designed to resist wind and seismic forces. Diaphragms (floor and roof systems) must transfer lateral loads to shear walls. Foundation design must consider soil bearing capacity.